John F Kennedy :: essays research papers

Across the centuries and across the continents, important figures have played key roles in the upbringing of our devout America. As a country we have grown through the strengths of many people. John F. Kennedy has made his mark in Americas political and tender society.On the histories plains of the state of Massachusetts, May 29, 1917 marked an important day in history. The birth of Americas 35th president John Fitzgerald Kennedy. Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, his mother, would rear four boys and five girls. She kept note cards for each of them in a small wooden file box and made a doom of writing down everything from a doctors visit to the shoe size they had at a particular age (Menendez). Johns father, Joseph Patrick Kennedy, was establish United States Ambassador to England and moved their with the family. There was always something going on in the Kennedy family. During the summer, the Kennedy childrens childhoods consisted of rendezvous to their summer home in cape cod. jackst ones attended a boarding school for boys named Choate. He was very popular with the other boys, though his head master once quoted, He wasnt the go around student (Menendez). In 1936, John graduated from Choate, where he ventured into his first year at Harvard, where his brother Joe was already a student. After graduating from Harvard, John joined the navy with his brother. Jack was made Lieutenant and assigned to the South Pacific as commander of a patrol torpedo boat, the PT-109. Lieutenant Kennedy had a crew of dozen men whose mission was to stop the enemy Nipponese ships from delivering supplies to their soldiers. On August 2, 1943, Kennedy and his crew were patrolling the waters looking for enemy ships to sink and suddenly a Japanese destroyer traveling at full speed towards them became visible. With Kennedy at the wheel, he tried his best to veer sharply out of the way, but time turn up no friend to him. The destroyer cut the PT 109 straight in half and killed two of Kenn edys men. With Johns keen and clever manoeuvre he was able to get the surviving men to an island and get help. Kennedys political apprenticeship began when he sought the nomination for the eleventh congressional district in the Democratic Party primary of Massachusetts ( Silvestri 03 ). As the years went on, John F. Kennedy, a Democrat, served three terms in the House of Representatives, and in 1952 he was elective to the U.

Essay Discussing Societal Conflicts in Lispeth and Story of an Hour :: Story Hour Lispeth Essays

Societal Conflicts inLispeth and Story of an mo Lispeth and Story of an Hour are both stories that deal with societal conflicts through their impingement on the protagonist. In both stories the protagonists seem largely unaware of the conflict and resulting oppression, until events occur that force them to see it. In both stories the protagonists are ultimately defeat by the social conflicts but the really important point of these stories is not winning or losing the struggle but the change that comes about as a result of the struggle. In The Story of an Hour Mrs. Mallard , as one would expect, is very grieved at her husbands death. But as she attempts to adjust to her new status she begins to change. The indite conveys this in a couple of ways. She uses references to what is happening outside the window, new spring life, patches of blue sky showing here and there through the clouds to show constitution paralleling Mrs. Mallards opening up. The author also describes the realiz ation of freedom as if it were a tangible thing, something coming after he, that she was fighting off. Her epiphany comes when she realizes that she was oppressed. In this realization she finds new strength, courage, and joy. She has not resolved the conflict she has only become aware of it. She now knows that, although her husband was not a mean man, he imposed his will on her, and comfortably meaning or not this was an oppressive act. It appears that she was not aware of being a prisoner until she was freed and in being free life has taken on new meaning, and she is a new person. But in the end Mr. Mallard is not dead. And, as I said, Mrs. Mallard has only discovered the conflict among mens and womens roles she has not resolved or overcome it. But she has changed and this new person is unable to cope with the prospect of living in her old world-the break of it kills her. One suspects that has she not died physically, she would have died spiritually anyway. In Lispeth the confli ct is between two cultures one indigenous and the other colonial. As in The Story of an Hour the protagonist, Lispeth, does not seem to be aware of a conflict and embraces her oppressor. In fact, she used to lock herself into her own room for fear they might take her away.

Baby Boomer, The Driving Force :: essays research papers

Landlord-tenant law combines three beas of law 1.) property law 2.) undertake law and 3.) negligence law. Landlord-tenant law combines three areas of law 1.) property law 2.) contract law and 3.) negligence law. Colleges nation wide call for been reporting strong surges in enrollment largely due to baby boomers returning to school. Baby boomers are Americans born between 1946 and 1964. Soldiers returning from WWII caused a rise in the birth rate of the get together States, creating a boom which is where the term baby boom comes from. there were approximately 76 million baby boomers born during that 18 year span. The baby boomer generation is now creating a boom in the cogitation of adult culture.Enrollment in college programs by baby boomers has risen substantially. In 2001 the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) reported that more than 20 percent of United States college students are above the age of 30. (qtd. in CNN 1). The National Center for Education Statisti cs also reported that enrollment of students aged 40 and older has increased by 48 percent from the early 1970s. (1). The baby boomer generation has become the driving force behind the growth of adult education.The benefits of higher education for the boomers retain been greater than that of their parents. Baby boomer parents are from the Great Depression generation. These Great Depression era parents were immigrants who believed that hard work was the way to succeed in life. Upon arriving in America, the immigrants needed skills to help them live in their new homeland. They learned a new language, to read and that education was necessary to secure their future. These parents raised their children with the belief that education would open many doors for their childrens futures. The effects of education for the baby boomers was stronger than for their parents of the Great Depression generation. Both baby boomers and their parents enjoyed a positive association between network worth and education. (Keister 5). According to National Center for Educational Statistics the boomers have acquired more wealth by the age of 30 than their immigrant parents had acquired by that same age. The boomers have enjoyed a higher income than their parents substantiating the theory that higher education is the key to success. Educated boomers were enjoying the reward of a higher lifestyle than that of their uneducated immigrant parents. The baby boomer students have proven themselves to be the fastest growing

Suffragist Movement in America Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Pa

Suffragist Movement in America On July 14, 1848, the American womens suffrage thrust was born. Lucretia Mott, Martha C. Wright, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Mary Ann McClintock decided to call a meeting on that day at the Wesleyan Methodist Chapel in Seneca Falls they discussed womens rights at what became cognize as the Seneca Falls Convention. Within this female discussion panel, the women historically announced with the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions the beginning of their movement to gain women the right to vote in political elections. American women demanded suffrage because they believed that it was the most crucial characteristic of full-citizenship. The underlying implication for this demand was that the women believed in the existence of their inalienable rights. When exercised, these natural rights maintain that women should jazz individual rights of self-government, rather than relying on indirect civic appointment as the mothers , sisters, or daughters of male voters (Pleck 1). Furthermore, woman suffrage asserted that women have the right to have their own representatives. Guaranteeing womens enfranchisement was difficult because of the approval women had to win from a male electorate that viewed the movement as ridiculous. Scores of men believed that women were in no expression suited to take on the responsibility of voting. In fact, it was expected of many anti-suffragists and even respected psychologists to assume that the women who fought for suffrage were mentally ill. H.W. Frink believed that a certain likeness of thesuffragists are neurotics who in some instances are compensating for masculine trends, in others, are more or less succ... ...men eventually received nationwide suffrage through a constitutional amendment, which was ratified by the states in August 1920. In the end American woman were granted the right to vote because of their significant participation during World W ar I.AnnotationMovement Divisions. http//www-rohan.sdsu.edu/mcevoy/movement.html. 16 November 2002. This website focused on the division that arose within the womens suffrage movement and how the movement ended to win women the right to vote.Goldstein-LeVande, Meredith. Womens Suffrage Introduction. http//www.history.rochester.edu/class/suffrage/home.htm. 16 November 2002. This website documented anti-suffragist sentiments.Pleck, Elizabeth H. Womens Suffrage. http//gi.grolier.com/presidents/ea/side/wsffrg.html. 16 November 2002. This website is a worldwide overview of womens struggle for suffrage.

Magic Window In The Novelle :: essays research papers

The magic windowpane gives us a unique insight into the psyche of the protagonist and into the very fabric of the literary productions itself. It shows us a different perspective and en ables us to see a deeper level of the character where only their instincts are visible. The concept of embodying the theme of a written report in one symbol is very interesting as it clearly defines the various levels of involvement from the main character, from the superficial right down to the detailed depicts the democracy of being of the protagonist throughout the novelle. From the analysis of the central symbol, it would seem that the all actions and events of the novelle are deeply linked so it appears that this magic window is indeed magic.In the Ninth Story from the Decameron the central symbol is the falcon that is one of Federigos last possessions. On a superficial level the falcon is well cognise for being a noble and dignified creature and we see this reflected in Federigos own noble disposition. After losing all his money and belongings he still does not ask anybody for money. He accepts his situation as being a result of his own actions. knowing that he would never be able to live the way he wished in the city, he moved to where his farm was asked nothing of anyone and endured his poverty patiently. On a deeper level the falcon is a post reflection of Federigos character. This falcon is well known for its skill, it is the best that ever flew and Federigo of noble birth, no matter how poor he is is well known and prize for his nobility and dignity. The two have similar qualities and thus by analyzing the central symbol of the falcon we are able to see through the magic window into Federigos own character.In Die Taube the central symbol is that of the pigeon that stands at Jonathans door. This symbol is very complex and has many levels to it. Jonathans characteristics are reflect by the actions of the pigeon throughout the novelle. The pigeon creates the magi c window through which we can see deep into Jonathans psyche. It is a symbol of Jonathans fears and inability to adapt socially. The start description of the pigeon is of its eye, the manner in which Jonathan describes this is very eerie. He describes the eye as ganz nackt, ganz schamlos and he seems to linger on the one sidedness of this encounter.

Magic Window In The Novelle :: essays research papers

The conjuration window gives us a unique insight into the psyche of the protagonist and into the very fabric of the literature itself. It shows us a different perspective and enables us to see a deeper level of the character where only their instincts are visible. The concept of embodying the theme of a story in one image is very interesting as it clearly defines the various levels of involvement from the main character, from the superficial right down to the detailed depicts the state of being of the protagonist throughout the novelle. From the analysis of the key symbol, it would seem that the all actions and events of the novelle are deeply linked so it appears that this magic window is indeed magic.In the Ninth Story from the Decameron the central symbol is the track down that is one of Federigos last possessions. On a superficial level the falcon is well known for being a grand and dignified creature and we see this reflected in Federigos own noble disposition. After losi ng all his money and belongings he still does not remove anybody for money. He accepts his situation as being a result of his own actions. knowing that he would never be able to live the way he wished in the city, he moved to where his farm was asked nothing of anyone and endured his poverty patiently. On a deeper level the falcon is a direct reflection of Federigos character. This falcon is well known for its skill, it is the best that ever flew and Federigo of noble birth, no matter how poor he is is well known and respected for his nobility and dignity. The two create similar qualities and thus by analyzing the central symbol of the falcon we are able to see through the magic window into Federigos own character.In Die Taube the central symbol is that of the pigeon that stands at Jonathans door. This symbol is very complex and has many levels to it. Jonathans characteristics are mirrored by the actions of the pigeon throughout the novelle. The pigeon creates the magic window thr ough which we can see deep into Jonathans psyche. It is a symbol of Jonathans fears and inability to adapt socially. The first description of the pigeon is of its eye, the manner in which Jonathan describes this is very eerie. He describes the eye as ganz nackt, ganz schamlos and he seems to linger on the one sidedness of this encounter.

“The Things They Carried” By Tim O`Brien

The beauty of this narrative is in its subtlety and depth. The most interesting inquiry of all as regards this piece is how Marthas letters and pictures fall to play in the story. The letters and pictures may symbolize hope or even false hope, despair, distraction, confusion, love or others. The answer depends on whether one views the story as about war, love, some days in the life of esteem Cross or other possible themes around which the story may revolve. base on the way the story was told, these theories and interpretations are all possible.What caught my attention in particular, in relation to Marthas letters and pictures, are the enumeration of the reasons and purposes people in the story carry the things they do. All of these purposes revolve around the fact that they carry things by necessity (p. 714). Even those which they carry by superstition (p. 717) may be deemed to have been carried as a necessity because these things help them acquire courage and belief, if not in t heir victory, in their survival. However, among all the things he carried, Jimmy Cross carries Marthas love letters.Is this really necessary? This may not even qualify as superstition because thither does not appear any belief on his part that the letters will provide him some protection from the war. At this point, the reservoir effectively created an inconsistency that is too subtle to be noticed, but is too important that the story revolves around it. The story is also filled with enumerations of the things they carried. However, it is interesting that, while it constitutes the bulk of the story, this enumeration is actually not the story itself.It is included solely to demonstrate the inconsistency mentioned and thus give further emphasis to the value of Marthas letters for Jimmy and for the story. I also admire the root for beingness able to tell the story and convey the emotions of the characters through descriptions of what are happening rather than through direct stateme nts of the emotions felt, thus allowing the readers freedom to interpret and visualize. An example of this is the authors description of Martha during her volleyball accident (p. 715) and the description of the things carried by different people in the story.1. What do you think is the authors purpose in stating more than once in the story that Martha signed her letters and pictures with Love, but that he knew better that this is just a customary way of signing a letter and does not really mean anything? Is this to show that Martha does not love Jimmy? Is it to create doubt as to whether Martha does not really love Jimmy? What other purposes can there be? 2. This story enumerates many material things men carry at war. However, in one part of the story (p. 724), the author wrote the sentence the things men carried inside.What does the author mean by this? What are the things men carried inside? Relate this to the statement ate the end of the story that their days would search longer and their loads heavier (p. 725). 3. React on this statement. His obligation was not to be loved but to lead (p. 725). Is it possible to dispense with love completely? displace a person in a war lead and be loved at the same time? Is there room for love when there is war? Work Cited OBrien, Tim. The Things They Carried (1986). Worlds of Fiction. Ed. Rubinstein and Larson. Macmillan Coll Div, 1993. 713-725.

Race and the Community Essay

What information or so diversity in the get together States has helped you better understand or relate to others in ways that you may not moderate in the past? Information about diversity in the United States has helped me better understand and relate to others in ways that I hold in not in the past. By learning that thither is two sides to every story and that blemish and discrimination does not lead to any good. It hurts society and myself. It raise grease unrivaleds palms my judg manpowert about a situation and ca design me to make the wrong decision. Also the much information I learned about the hardships that many another(prenominal) women and men faced in this arena I gained more of an understanding for the hardships that they went through.From the first immigrants coming to the United States and feeling give care they needed to tilt their own name in order to become respected here in the United States. To the hardships that woman faced in order to get a voice in this country. Having the ability to speak for themselves and have a say in their own lives and how their own country is run. Learning all this gave me a new perspective on how discrimination and prejudice is still prevalent in our country and what I can do personally to combat it. Have you learned something new about your own racial, ethnic, or cultural history? I have learned something new about my own cultural history.In taking this course I began to ask questions about my own heritage and background. When it came to the discussion of immigration during week three I began to ask questions about where I came from and my families lineage. I decided that the best(p) person to ask would be my Grandma on my dads side, not only because she is the oldest in the family but also I new she had do some genealogy research in the past. I knew that the majority of my family came from England and crossed the Atlantic Ocean to reside here in the United States. In talking with my Grandma I lear ned more information about my families past.I found out that the Moncur family line originates in France. They were French Aristocrats and fled to England during the French Revolution. Though my utmost name is not pronounced with a French accent, many large number want to do that. Further more mon couer in French translates to my heart so essentially my last name translates to my heart in French. Trends in immigration will continue to shape the demographics of the United States. What will the U.S. universe of discourse look like in the year 2050? Why do you think so? Because of trends in immigration the United States demographics will continue to change. In the year 2050 the US population will be polar than what it is today. I believe we will see a rise in the Mexican American population.As more sight from Mexico will immigrate to the United States to better their way of life. Also because the current generation of Mexican Americans will begin to have their own kids and a befr iend generation of Mexican Americans will be born here in the United States. I also think there will be more of an influx of the African American population as they begin to populate more of the urban areas of the United States. As of right now the majority of African Americans seem to be heavy in the South and in city areas. As time goes on more will move to other areas of the country as more urban areas are built and established.What challenges does the United States face due to the diversity of its people? Some of the challenges that the United States faces due to the diversity of its people is finding its one voice. Because the United States is such a melting pot of a country there are many people with many different beliefs and cultures. Because of so much variety and diversity it may prove difficult to establish a majority, especially on hot topic issues such as religious belief and how it should affect government. A small example of this is pass on in my own home state of Utah. Right now there are a variety of people with a variety of different religions. But the state is being runby one dominant religion though there should be a separation between church and state.The current topic in the news has to do with Utah State Legislators communicate their church officials about hot topic issues. Because not everyone in the State of Utah is a Ladder Day Saint it makes if difficult to understand that one religion is deciding what I can and cannot do with my life. On a larger scale such as the country we face the same issues. As we become more diverse and have many separate voices it will be hard to find that majority and speak as one as a country. Right now we are having a hard time as it is. Politics have become a attack on each(prenominal) candidate and are no longer focused on what is actually best for the country. What are the benefits of such a diverse society?Some of the benefits of having such a diverse society is we do get a variety and a mix of o pinions. The more people you have that come from a different background and have a different perspective on things allows for more of a stronger dialogue between people. It allows for a new input on problems that we cleverness face as a country. It also allows for us to see our differences and what we have in common and join forces together allowing us to become stronger as a nation. In times of war we have been able to set aside our differences and band together to become victorious. An example of this was using Native American military service man and their native language as code, which was never broken and was said to be the reason that we were able to win the war.We are able to see our differences and use those differences to our advantage for the greater good. How can we raise a climate of acceptance and cultural pluralism in the United States? As a society we can foster a climate of acceptance and cultural pluralism in the United States in a couple of ways. The first way i s to ensure and instill in our societies boyish children that it is because of our differences we are a stronger nation. Education is key when it comes to help foster a climate of acceptance. Most prejudice starts with fear and so by teaching our young person that there is nothing to fear we are able to move on and form more of a utopia society.Part of educating has to do with learning from our countries and societys mistakes to make for a better future. An example of this is our own countries civil rights movement that went on in the 1950s and 1960s. It is from our mistakes in that time that we have learned that neighborly problems such as equal rights only divides our country and makes us weaker. In what ways does the media perpetuate stereotyping and prejudice? Mass media contributes to the perpetuation of stereotypes and prejudice in the United States by having unbalanced reporting. A couple examples have to do with Fox News Channel, they claim they are fair and balanced but they are uttermost from being fair or balanced. Fox news is particularly unbalanced towards the Democratic Party and especially towards our current President Barack Obama who is African American.There have been times where he has been portrayed as a Muslim because of his heritage and therefore a terrorist. He has been portrayed ape like in a couple political cartoons featured on their programming. Fox news is essentially telling its viewers, who are primarily white, that a African American man is otiose to run this country. Another way how the media contributes to the perpetuation of stereotypes and prejudice in the United States is by reporting on certain peoples actions for shock prize and commercial gain. An example of this is a Pastor is Florida who was burning the Quran.The media outlets posted this story everywhere, which infuriated the Muslim people. However by doing so a stereotype was organise that the United States is after all people of the Muslim faith. So in a way t he media perpetuated a negative stereotype about their own American people. In what ways does the media help foster appreciation for diversity? There are many ways the media helps foster appreciation for diversity. The media does this by reporting on events and situations that effect minorities. There are many situations out there that are often overlooked by the media because they only affect a small total of people.But by reporting on these diverse topics it is giving a voice to minorities and they are able to tell their story. An example of the media helping fostering an appreciation for diversity happens here in the city that I live at. There is a whole paper that is dedicated to the Hispanic population and the events that are going on in the community. By doing so the paper allows all others to see what is going on and be included in the community. How might individuals and the United States put to work together to reduce prejudice and increase appreciation for diversity? Ind ividuals and the United States can work together to reduce prejudice and increase appreciation for diversity.This can be done in a couple ways. The first would be through proper education. Coming together as a society and declaring that prejudice is wrong and should not happen. Another is by not giving into the tendencies that start prejudice for example telling jokes about a particular race. How might you change your own behaviors to be more inclusive and pluralistic? I can change my own behaviors to promote a more inclusive environment that I live in. I can do this by not contributing to prejudices and racial profiling. I can also help by sticking up for others when they do not have a voice and are unable to speak up when an injustice has occurred. I can also help by supporting businesses and communities that foster the same ideals as I do.

Employee Selection Process in Private Company

EMPLOYEE SELECTION FOR SMALL BUSINESS OWNERS THE INFLUENCES OF THE UNIFORM GUIDELINES AND COURT DECISIONS Edward, Ph. D. McKendree College crinkle Division 701 College Road Lebanon, IL 62254 (618)-537-4481 ABSTRACT The Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures (1978) were promulgated with crowing line of descentes in mind in order to affect liberal returns of employees as rapidly as possible.However, the employee picking validation use advocated by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, touchstvirtuoso link up severeness, is one that downcast business concern sector owners are unable to use due to statistical restraints and the lack of personnel with the esoteric knowledge of validation social functions. These restrictions, coupled with judgeship decisions such as Albemarle Paper Comp all v.Moody in which the coupled States Supreme Court ruled the turn up validation guidelines issued by the EEOC were to be given great deference by lower courts, have l eft meek business owners with one practical and potentially legally defensible get to employee option. This paper briefly mentions the advantages of valid employee weft procedures, followed by a detailed definition of the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures (1978), relevant court cases, and a case study describing the validation of a bittie business employee infusion trial run by the author.INTRODUCTION The richness of piddling business to the U. S. economy was well summarized by Siropolis (1986), who wrote more than 99 percent of the nations 16 one million million businesses are fine-even if we define a small business as one that employs fewer than 100 rather than 500 . Further evidence of its vitality is the incident that small business employs roughly half(a) of the nations workforce (pg. 8). In addition, Siropolis (1986) listed numerous different reasons for the immensity of small business to the U. S. conomy, such as the higher proceeds on equi ty small manufacturers earn than large manufacturers, the innovation found in small businesses as evidenced by small businesses accounting for half of all major inventions in the last 30 years in the U. S. , and the dependence of large businesses on small businesses as both suppliers and purchasers. These economic facts call for that small business in the U. S. is the paramount force for economic growth and the creation of transmission lines, as noned recently Small businesses are the principal line of merchandise creating sector of the economy during recessions and expansions (The State Of, 1985, pg. 46). Further evidence of the economic importance of small business has recently been published Employment gains in small-business reign industries in construction (18. 9 percent), finance, insurance and real commonwealth (12. 7 percent), and go (12. 6 percent) are impressive when compared to the gains made in similar, large business dominated industries. In construction, the sma ll business ted industries had employment gains of 18. 9 percent, while the large business industries showed an employment loss of 10. percent. The relative strengths of the small business gains in wholesale and retail trade are also significant . Small firms with fewer than 100 employees generated 52. 6 percent of net employment growth from 1976 to 1982. (The State Of, 1985, p. 17-21). one(a) can add to this the reliance of the U. S. government on small businesses, as evidenced by the federal government purchasing almost 29% of its of goods and services from small businesses in 1983 (The State Of, 1985).EMPLOYEE SELECTION An area of vital importance within small business management is the area of employee selection. An increasing awareness of the importance of employee selection has been noted Nearly 40% of surveyed employers are using more prehiring showing of argumentation candidates than they were five years ago (Prehiring Tests, 1986, p. 17). The importance to the U. S. eco nomy of employee selection in a small business is due both to the fact that small businesses create the majority of unexampled businesss in the U.S. (Birch, 1979 The State Of, 1985), and the impact of the employee selection process on a small business. First, the results of a valid selection procedure include increased productivity of as much as 20 percent (Schmidt, Hunter, McKenzie, & Muldrow, 1979). This is an classic result to small business owners, as productivity improvement has been rated as the function one concern of both CEOs and executives and engineers in infract surveys (Productivity A Top, 1986, p. 46).Other important results include an avoidance of justnesssuits (Dreher & Sackett, 1981 Kleiman & Faley, 1978), great job satisfaction and organizational commitment, reduced absenteeism and fewer disciplinary actions (Fear & Ross, 1983), reduced season spent in supervision for the small business owner, and reduced training costs and turnover (Stone & Ruch, 1974). Th e potential for reduced turnover is also important for small business owners, due to recent data indicating that Small businesses have higher annual employee turnover than large companies.The Administrative Management Society reports that businesses with 26-250 employees have a 19% turnover rate, while larger firms (more than 5000 employees) average only if 7% (Small dividing linees, perturbation 1986, p. 13). In total, these results are particularly important due to the greater relative effect each employee has in a small business as opposed to the effect of an individual employee in a large business. In the U. S. , the employee selection procedures utilize by all business owners are regulated by the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures (1978).The Uniform Guidelines (UG) were designed to provide skillful assistance to employers and were written following a review of relevant court cases and consultations with industrial psychologists. At present, the UG are serv ing as a reference for ascertain the legality of currently used selection tests. The UG are administered by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), which is empowered to do so by deed of conveyance VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.As Landy and Trumbo (1980) have noted The EEOC has evolved from a weak public advocate status to a strong and active enforcement agency, with broad powers to give instruction and negotiate legal and administrative action on behalf of protected minority groups (p. 92). Although the UG are not law as a lawyer would define law in that they were not passed as bills in Congress, they are frequently referenced as technical guides by judges. In the UG, the employment decisions made by business owners and managers are regulated and broadly defined, e. . , promotions, referrals for training, as well as selection for hiring are all subject to the influence of the UG. The UG list three allowable approaches to validate a selection test used by a bus iness. Briefly, criterion related validation approaches focus on the statistical ability of the selection test to predict the criterion, or as noted by Dreher and Sackett (1981) criterion-related approaches focus on the relationship between a hiring requirement and job behavior (p. 552).Another way of describing criterion-related validity was written by Landy and Trumbo) (1980) When we are investigating the validity of a selection procedure using a criterion related design, typically, we are looking for a significant correlation between a test (predictor) and job behavior (criterion) (p. 70- 71). The UG define criterion related validity in this way In criterion related validity, a selection procedure is justified by a statistical relationship between scores on the test or other selection procedure and measures of job motion (P. 8292, Federal Register, 1978). According to the UG, the requirements of the job summary, which is a comprehensive definition of the tasks performed by a j ob incumbent, are in that respect should be a review of job information to determine measures of work behavior(s) or performance that are relevant to the job or group of jobs in question. The paramount difficulty with conducting a criterion related validity study for the small business owner is the inevitable number of hirees, which is discussed in the UG chthonic the term of technical feasibility.Although the minimum is not specified in the UG, an commanding minimum is 30 employees (Heneman, Schwab, Fossum, & Dyer, 1986). For many small business owners, this minimum number is more employees than they hire in a year, which in turn makes the criterion related validation approach of little value. In addition, the statistical measures required by the criterion related validity approach are often recondite for a small business owner.Construct valuation approaches attempt to measure an applicants amount of psychological characteristics such as need for achievement. The UG discuss con struct validity in this manner Construct validity involves identifying the psychological trait (the construct) which underlies successful performance on the job and then devising a selection procedure to measure the presence and degree of that construct (p. 38292, Federal Register, 1978). The construct validity of a test refers to the extent to which it measures the construct it is supposed to measure.Landy and Trumbo (1980) noted It is the most theoretical of the definitions of validity, since it is concerned with the abstractions used in referring to psychological structures, functions, or traits, rather than to the prediction of any(prenominal) external criterion (p. 73). The job analysis for a construct validity study involves a list of critical job behaviors and the constructs believed to underly the behaviors. These studies are difficult to do, as a construct is a hypothetical attribute of a person that underlies and guides their behavior. Content validation approaches are on cerned with the job relatedness of the selection test rather than a concern with the criterion. Landy and Trumbo (1980) defined this approach toe employee selection procedure validation as Content validity is concerned with the extent to which the sample of items in a test (and the sample behavior elicited by these items) is an unbiased representation of the subject field (i. e. , attribute or trait) being sampled (p. 71). According to the UG A selection procedure can be supported by a heart and soul validity strategy to the extent that it is a representative sample of the content of the job.An important concept for a content valid selection procedure is the job analysis, which was defined by Schultz (1978) The purpose of the job analysis is to describe, in specific term, the specific nature of the component tasks performed by the workers on a particular job (p. 76). A job analysis can be approached in a manakin of ways, as noted by McCormick and Tiffin (1974) Job analysis can be considered as embracing the collection and analysis of any type of job related information, by any method, for any purpose (p. 9). The job analysis for a content validity study involves interviewing and observing incumbents Job analysis for content validity. There should be a job analysis which includes an analysis of the important work behaviors(s) required for successful performance and their relative importance and, if the behavior results in work product(s), an analysis of the work product(s). Any job analysis should focus on the work behaviors and the tasks associated with them The work behaviors selected for measurement should be critical work behaviors and/or important work behaviors constituting most of the job. The key to content validity is the answers to the questions the small business owner must ask How representative of on the job behaviors is the test? Does it sample all important aspects of the job? Landy and Trumbo (1980) wrote Content validity is determined on the basis of how well the test material samples the job performance domain (p. 72). The validity of a content validation study is judgmental no statistical analysis is done (Robinson, 1981).The value of the content validation approach to a small business owner is that it allows a selection test to be validated within the UG restraints, and at the same time it does not require large sample sizes or recondite statistical analyses When is content validation appropriate? One circumstance is when there are too few people unattached to form a sample for purposes of empirical validation. While there are differences of opinion on what the minimum necessary sample size is for empirical validation, an absolute minimum is 30 individuals who all perform the same job (Heneman et al. 986, pg. 281-283). The restrictions of the content validity approach are few. One of the restrictions is that the selection test should consist only of knowledge or skills that cannot readily be learned on the job ( Miner & Miner, 1980). In addition, content validity is prohibited by the UG to measure mental processes as part of a selection procedure. An example of the content validation approach to employee selection is the appropriately titled Content Oriented Personnel Selection in a Small Business Setting by Robinson (1981).In his article, which involved the content validation process needed in designing a selection procedure which was used to hire one construction superintendent for a small construction firm, Robinson (1981) informs the reader of the steps necessary in a job analysis for a content valid selection test 1. Convene a panel of experts. 2. Ask the panel to identify all the broad objectives to be met by an ideal incumbent on the target job. If objectives can be so quantified that they can properly be called standards, so much the better. 3.List specific behaviors required to meet each objective . 4. Identification of critical tasks The content sample will be valid to the extent that the critical tasks reflect actual job performance . 5. Determination of interjudge agreement as to the importance of major dimensions of the job (pgs. 78-79). The importance of such a systematic approach to the job analysis was emphatic by Dreher and Sackett (1981) The quality of any content validation effort depends on the thoroughness and appropriateness of the job analysis (p. 54) the job analysis will be used to determine if the content valid test actually samples relevant job behavior mentioned in the job analysis as important. Having conducted the job analysis, Robinson (1981) constructed a test battery based upon work sample procedures. As an example, the applicants were given a construction error recognition test in which the applicants were required to inspect a 8 by 12 shed that contained 25 construction errors. The applicants were to list the construction errors they spotted during their inspection.This emphasis on the UG when discussing employee selection approach es for small business owners stems from devil major court cases which directly ruled on the use of content validity as a way of validating a selection mover. In Firefighters Institute for Racial Equality v. City of St. Louis, a promotional examination for fire captains was ruled to have adequate content validity within the directives of the UG. In U. S. v. Connelie, a selection procedure for New York State Police was ruled to be invalid due to in large part the lack of a task-oriented job analysis nor was the frequency and importance of job duties identified.In both of these cases, the UG used in making the judicial rulings. Two other court cases which indicate the importance of understating content validity are Harless v. Duck and King v. New Hampshire Department of Resources and stinting Development. In Harless v. Duck, a structured oral interview was found to be rejecting more female applicants than male applicants, however, the employer argued the interview had content validit y in that hypothetical situations were used that a police officer might actually face.The court ruled the selection interview was valid, in large part due to its content validity. In King v. New Hampshire, a business lost a discrimination lawsuit due to applicants being asked questions which were not job related, i. e. , not based on a job analysis and therefore not content valid. With the importance of employee selection validation in mind, coupled with the feasibility of the content validation approach for small business owners, I would like to describe the approach I used for a small business owner located in the Midwest.The small business is a general purpose real kingdom office (general purpose, in the sense that it handled farm, commercial, and private dwelling real estate gross revenue) which has two owner managers and 10 sales associates. The primary function of the sales force for this small business is to sell as much real estate as possible, in terms of monetary value ra ther than number of units sold. The organization did not have a job analysis of the job of real estate agent and was using an unstructured interview to hire applicants. The initial step was to develop a job analysis.The purposes of the job analysis were to (a) define the job duties being performed by the job incumbents, (b) obtain a listing of the mandatory knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform each job duty, and (c) determine the importance and time spent on each job duty as perceived by the incumbents. For this small business, the process of collecting information for the job analysis consisted of three steps (a) reviewing the appropriate entry in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, (b) reading the job related material from the firms files, and (c) a series of interviews with all 10 real estate agents and both of the owner-managers.Due to the job analysts lack of familiarity with the job, the first step was to review the job description in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. Its value is noted by Bass and Barrett (1981) The job analyst can turn to the Dictionary of Occupational Titles to get a concise definition of almost any job in American industry (p. 238). The use of this volume when approaching a job one is not familiar with was also noted by Cascio (1978) First, the reader can become familiar with the vast array of jobs in general and with appropriate terminology in each job, (p. 47). The second step also involved acquiring some job related information about being a real estate agent this step consisted of a reading of the informational and training manuals that are made available to the real estate agents. The perusal of these manuals was valuable in giving the job analyst background information necessary to conduct the third step of the information collection, the interviews with job incumbents. These interviews were conducted in a private room and ranged from 30 to 90 minutes.The interviews followed a patterned interview form, as recomm ended by Cascio (1978). The interview questions asked for traits, behaviors, and knowledge that the incumbents deemed necessary for the completion of the job of real estate agent. The interviewees were also informed that any knowledge or behaviors an applicant could learn within eight hours was not to be included. An example of an interview question is What is the order of behaviors from the time you contact a customer until you are through with a sale? The interviews generated a list of 106 job duties.Each of the interviewees received a copy of the 106 job duties, along with an instruction sail asking them to rate each item as to its importance to their job and the relative amount of time they spend performing that job duty. The mean evaluation given each of the 106 job duties was computed by the job analyst for both the rating dimensions. With the interview information and summary statistics on hand, a selection instrument was constructed which was based on job duties which wer e rated highly in terms of their importance and time spent on each of them by job ncumbents, and which job incumbents considered were not trainable within eight hours. The selection instrument was based on a job sample approach, which is valid for a content validity based selection instrument. As an example, the selection instrument asked an applicant to calculate monthly payments on a home given certain financial parameters. The questions were given to six helter-skelter selected job incumbents who were asked to choose which of the job sample test questions an applicant would have to pass in order to meet minimum standards as a new employee.The job incumbents overall picked an average of 80% of the job sample items as being necessary for a new employee to pass to be acceptable at a minimum level of acceptability. Therefore, an applicant would have to score a minimum of 80% in order to be considered for employment. As a find on the validity of the 80% cutoff score, the job sample questions were given to the four other job incumbents. All of these incumbents were considered to be satisfactory employees by the business owners, and all received a passing score of over 80%.In summary, small business owners need to be aware of the UG, the court cases which have resulted from the UG, the one practical approach to validating a selection procedure, and the advantages to having a validated selection procedure. By following the outline of Robinson (1981) or the case presented in this paper, the small business owner can both enjoy the benefits of a validated selection procedure and lessen any worry over an EEOC lawsuit. REFERENCES Bass, B. M. , & Barrett, G. V. (1981). People, work, and organizations.Boston Allyn and Bacon, Inc. Birch, D. L. (1979). The job multiplication process. M. I. T. Program on Neighborhood and Regional Change. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Cascio, W. F. (1978). Applied psychology in personnel management. Reston, Virginia Reston Publishing Company, Inc. Dreher, G. F. , & Sackett, P. R. (1981). Some problem with applying content validity evidence to judging center procedures. Academy of Management Review, 6, p. 551-560. Fear, R. A. , & Ross, J. F. (1983). Jobs, Dollars, and EEO How to Hire More Productive Entry- Level Workers.New York, McGraw-Hill. Harless v. Duck, 14 FEB 1616 (1977). Heneman , H. G. , Schwab, D. P. , Fossum, J. A. , & Dyer, L. D. (1986). Personnel/Human Resource Management. Homewood, Illinois Irwin. King v. New Hampshire Department of Resources and Economic Development, 15, FEB 669 (1977) Kleiman, L. S. , & Faley, R. H. (1978). Assessing content validity Standards set by the court. Personnel Psychology, 30, 701-713. Landy, F. J. , & Trumbo, D. A. (1980). Psychology of Work Behavior. The Dorsey Press, Homewood, Illinois.McCormick, E. J. , & Tiffin, B. L. (1974). Jobs and their requirements. Industrial Psychology, (6th ed. ). Miner, M. G. & Miner, J. B. (1980). Uniform Guidelines on employee selection Procedure s. Washington, D. C. , The Bureau of National Affairs. Prehiring Tests. (1986, June). Small Business Report. Business Research and Communications, Monterey, California. Productivity A Top Concern. (1986, February). Small Business Report, Business Research and Communications, Monterey, California. Robinson, D. D. (1981).Content-oriented personnel selection in a small business setting. Personnel Psychology, 34, pgs. 77-87. Schmidt, F. L. , Hunter, J. E. , McKenzie, R. C. , and Muldrow, T. W. (1979). Impact of valid selection procedures on work-force productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 609-626. Schultz, D. P. (1978). Psychology and industry today. New York Macmillan Publishing Company. Siropolis, N. C. (1986). Small Business Management. Houghton Mifflin Company, Geneva, Illinois. Small Businesses Turnover High. (1986, January).Small Business Report, Business Research and Communications, Monterey, California. Stone, C. H. , & Ruch, F. L. (1974). Selection, interviewing, and testing. ASPA Handbook of Personnel and Industrial Relations Staffing Policies and Strategies, ed. Dale Yoder and Herbert G. Heneman (Washington, D. C. , The Bureau of National Affairs), 4, 137-138. The State of Small Business A Report of the President. (1985, May). United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. Uniform guidelines on employee selection procedures (1978). Federal Register, 43, 38290- 38309.

Hamlet’s Moral Nature Leads to Death Essay

While rambling on about vengeance, the senseless prince Hamlet utters I, his sole son, do this same villain shoot to heaven. O, this is hire and salary, not revenge or about some act that has no relish of salvation int then start out him, that his heels may kick at heaven, and that his soul may be as damnd and black (3. 3. 77-95). This soliloquy is significant as it shows Hamlets intentions when he must delay his murder purposes to a peculiar(prenominal) time frame where Claudius is playing corrupt because then the Kings soul forget descend into hell.Moral relativism is also evident when the melancholic prince moans To be, or not to be that is the question whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer To die, to sleep when contemplating life and final stage (3. 1. 57-61). This unique proclamation further explains why Hamlet is incapable of murder because he is afraid of what lies after death, particularly hell and purgatory. For these reasons, religion is a primary(prenominal) vi rtue of Hamlets moral nature leading his incompetence in seeking retri plainlyion on King Claudius.Another unambiguous whole tone in the Princes moral nature that leads to the dispose of Claudius is procrastination. While in the castle, the insane Dane Hamlet sadly proclaims Thus conscience does make cowards of us all, and thereof the native hue of resolution is sicklied oer with the pale cast of thought, and enterprises of great pitch and moment with this regard their currents turn awry, and lose the name of pull through (3. 1. 84-88). This declamation clarifies Hamlet is troubled by hisover scrupulous conscience which prevents him from immediately avenging his fathers murder.After finishing conversation with the Captain, the impractical prince Hamlet boldly states How all occasions do inform me against me, and spur my dull revenge What is manO, from this time forth, my thoughts be bloody, or be nothing worth when realizing like a shot is the time for him to act (4. 4. 31-65). Hamlet finally recognizes that he has held out his revenge for too long and must act on it after seeing Fortinbras regular army sacrificing money and men to get back a worthless piece of land just for honour. In due course Hamlets procrastination eventually leads to his death in the end.If it is not for the Danish Princes moral nature of procrastination, he could have very well avoided death by acting on his deed to his father. Last, the most important moral virtue that the saddened prince portrays is indecisiveness. When deciding whether or not to fulfill his revenge for his deceased father, Hamlet confidently declares today whether it be, bestial oblivion, or some craven scruple, of thinking too precisely on th event a thought which, quarterd , hath but one part wisdom and ever three parts coward I do not know why yet I live to advance this things to do ,sith I have cause , and will and strength , and meansto do. 4. 4. 39-44) This decision further describes that Hamlet is ind ecisive about when he must carry out retribution for his forbearer. Indecisiveness relates to both religion and procrastination qualities as well. Hamlet pronounces I, his sole son, do this same villain send to heaven. O, this is hire and salary, not revenge or about some act that has no relish of salvation int then trip him, that his heels may kick at heaven, and that his soul may be as damnd and black when determining when Claudius should be slain and go to hell (3. . 77-95). not only religious virtues are apparent but also indecisive traits. Indecisiveness is evident while Hamlet needs to decide at what specific point in time to achieve his goal of retaliation. When speaking to himself in the castle, the melancholic prince sighs Thus conscience does make cowards of us all (3. 1. 84). Even though procrastination is evident in Hamlets speech, indecisiveness can be found as well. Indecisiveness is present in Hamlets speech because he is contemplating on his own life and death.For th ese examples, indecisiveness is in the Danish Princes moral nature that affects his ability to seek payback for his father. In conclusion, moral relativism, procrastination and indecisiveness are the three vital virtues that insane Prince carries. These traits prove the reoccurring theme that the need for revenge can consume you. Hamlets moral nature is the reason why he is unable to seek vengeance for his father immediately and if the insane Dane had taken action and fulfilled his blackwash on Claudius instantly, Prince Hamlets fate would have ended better. Works Cited Shakespeare, William Hamlet.

Tenet Healthcare Scandal

macrocosm Over the years, the health care industry has undergone through an exponential growth despite the tremendous foodstuff pressure. dogma healthcare participation is among the many organizations that the struggle for a position in the healthcare industry (Klaidman, 2010). However, this struggle has contributed to a series of efficacious and honest s supportdals that have largely changed the reputation of the ships gild. Based on theoretical and practical explanations, this paper seeks to critically analyze one of the some recent scandal involving doctors at Tenet health care who carried unwrap unessential heart surgeries on patients.An Overview of the Company This political troupe was established in 1967 under the name National aesculapian Enterprises by three lawyers and headquartered in Los Angeles, California. In its early years, the business policy of the company was mainly foc employ on mental synthesis and acquiring medical facilities and related operate in order to address the growing medical demands in the new market. In the late 1980s, the company diversified into specialty infirmarys such(prenominal) as building nursing homes, and refilling c slip ins among other developments (Klaidman, 2010). Tenet Healthcare before the scandalFollowing a series of fake and legal troubles, the company changed its name to Tenet Healthcare Corporation in 1994 whose headquarters is based in Dallas. Tenet Healthcare operates a take of hospitals and other healthcare facilities that are mandated to provide health care service to its customers. It is essential to mention the services provided by Tenet Healthcare are conducted through its subsidiaries (Klaidman, 2010). Tenet Healthcare Corporation owns and operates 69 acute-care hospitals, which provides services to urban communities in 13 distinguishs, in the United States.Some of the services provided by the company include acute care, respiratory therapy services, clinical laboratories, operati ng and recovery rooms, pharmacies and intensive care (California Nurse, 2002). The employment of the company in recent legal and financial troubles has contributed to the falling of percents of Tenet Healthcare, from over $50 a share in 1994, to $8 a share today. The involvement of the company in a number of scandals contributed to the reduced profits in the 1990s. Nevertheless, a number of hanges in the anxiety of the company following the accommodation of Jeffry Barbakow as the chief executive in 1993 contributed to the recovery of the company (Klaidman, 2010). For six years, Tenet Healthcare Corporation seek to consolidate its position in the healthcare industry by buying hospitals around the country. This move contributed to the strong recovery that saw tenet healthcare presenting itself from a $425million loss in 1994 to a $302 million profit in 2000 (Taylor, 2005). The Unnecessary Cardiac Procedures Scandal Individuals or firms who knew about, participated in or condoned the behavior.Several individuals were linked to the scandal and specifically the physicians who were recruiting patients by suffering them. This way that most of the employees and especially physicians knew about the scam. Moreover, Tenet had been performing poorly in monetary value of finances, and this has been noned to be one of the reasons that prompted the corporation to enter into corrupt deals. During the onetime(prenominal) decade, Tenet Health Care Corporation has faced scandals pertaining to legal and financial matters. Its image had been tarnished, and thus a number of its customers were compelled to seek medical services elsewhere.Moreover, it had influenced the number of uninsured citizens and reduced employer insurance cover. This gave rise to an excess number of individuals who were unable to cater for their medical services and hence resulted in a business firmificant switch in Tenets market. The scandal erupted in October 2002 following allegations from hund reds of patients who believed that many of the heart operations done to patients at the Redding Hospital, in California were unnecessary. afterward on a series of investigation, it was found that Dr. Chae Moon and his counterpart Dr.Fidel Realyvasquez had allegedly carried out a number of cardiac procedures that were neither necessary nor indicated in the reports of over 700 patients. How was the scandal show and by whom The scandal was uncovered when one of the patients, John Corapi, a 55-year old priest visited Redding Medical Center in California for a medical checkup. After consultation with Dr. Moon, Corapi was told that he requireed an emergency heart bypass surgery. However, Corapi was not satisfied with the recommendation made by the dickens doctors (Taylor, 2005).It was at this point that he decided to seek for more opinion from five cardiologists who gave him a different answer from the one given by the two doctors at tenet Healthcare Corporations Redding Medical Cent er. According to the cardiologists, Corapi did not overlook a heart surgery contrary to the opinion given by the doctors at the Redding Medical Center. After reporting his case to the FBI, the federal authorities revealed that, hundreds of medical records of surgical patients did not support the need for surgery procedures (The Spark, 2002).Furthermore, when the scandal was uncovered, it was revealed that many patients had become victims of unnecessary cardiac surgeries that left them with complications. According to Klaidman (2010), many patients suffered from a myriad of complications including stroke, heart attack and paralysis. As a result, many of the patients who had undergone unnecessary surgery now require assisted living and 95 of the patients succumbed to death. For that reason, the plaintiffs sued Tenet Healthcare Corporation for fraud, negligence, battery and elder abuse, since most of the patients ranged mingled with 65 to 90 years of age.Additionally, the estates of the 95 patients who died sued the company for wrongful deaths (The Spark, 2002). Once the scandal was discovered, the investigation of FBI agent led by Michael Skeen invaded Tenets Redding Hospital that is based in California. The FBI found out that most of the patients who were required to undergo cardiac operations had not fully qualified. In light of this, a number of the patients hearts were in superb condition. After the FBIs probed, it carried raise probing with an aim of authenticating the validity of the truth concerning the matter before taking further action.What did they do with the information they uncovered? The information gathered by the FBI was used to sue the physician allegedly associated with the scandal. Tenet as a corporation was not charged. It gave the California State together with the federal presidential term over $50 million (Bejjani et al. , 2006). Additionally, Tenet Healthcare also paid an additional $395 million to over 700 patients in order to settl e litigation for the unnecessary surgeries (Taylor, 2005). How did the company reactedThe need to change its image led to a number of reactions from the company. First, the company reacted by stating that, it was not involved in the scandal based on the point that, it was the doctors who were responsible for healthcare and not the hospital. In this case, it implied that only the patients implicated were under investigation and not the hospital (The Spark, 2002). It can be mentioned that, the company had nurtured a culture where fraud could easily be perpetrated without any serious actions being undertaken.Following this scandal, the affected patients received their compensation. On the other hand, the company decided to sell Redding Medical Center which was later renamed Shasta Regional Medical Center (California Nurse, 2002). Despite the fact that the scandal involving Tenet Healthcare Corporation did not preclude criminal or civil charges against individuals, the company agreed t o pay the fine in order to settle the allegations poised in the unnecessary heart surgery scandal. This implies that there was no civil tryout in this case.According to Currier and Eimermann (2010), civil trial refers to a flirt of law proceedings where the judge makes a deliberation about who wins. In this case, the judge examines the evidence provided in order to make a decision on whether the defendant should be held legally responsible for the allegations put forward by the plaintiff (s). Civil cases usually involve civilians and organizations. On the other hand, a criminal trial refers to a court of law proceeding that is intended to settle criminal cases.In this case, the brass can sue a person on allegations of certain criminal activities. Additionally, the justice remains to be a principal aim of criminal trials, as foreign to civil trial, which usually seek to achieve a resolution to the dispute (Currier & Eimermann, 2010). With that state, there was no civil trial fol lowing the decision by the company to pay a fine to the government and the state of California and later an immense amount as compensation to the affected patients.Even though, this scandal was revealed in 2002, it is said that it had taken place since the early 1990s. Therefore, many people became victims of this scandal (Taylor, 2005). First, the main stakeholders were directly or indirectly affected by the allegations based on how it multi-colored badly on the corporate image of the company. Additionally, over 700 patients and their families were subjected to emotional, psychological and financial problems. The huge charges for the heart surgery required patients to pay a lot of coin in the form of medical bills (Klaidman, 2010).The shareholders were also affected because the share of the company dropped from $50 per share in 1994 to $8 in 2002. Lastly, the competitiveness and professional qualifications of the two doctors were also questioned thus making it difficult for them to secure employment in the future (The Spark, 2002). The case of Tenet Healthcare Corporation signifies the negative implications of scandals on the management of an organization. As mentioned earlier, the company has been burdened by financial and legal troubles due to its involvement in a number of fraud and scandals.In the end, the company suffered from the loss of creation trust, investors confidence and dwindling financial performance. The future of the company depends on how it will use its past in order to redesign its present as the encourage largest company in the US healthcare industry. How much money did the plaintiffs receive, other agreements As mentioned, reimbursement was made available to the government, patients and their loved ones. Towards the end of 2004, Tenet agreed that it would pay the patients who had been victims of the unnecessary heart surgeries over $395 million. Do you feel it was fair?There have been many instances of corporations deciding to conti nue unsafe practice because they calculate that not all of the number of people injured will found legal action. Furthermore, the people who sue are not guaranteed a victory in court or can be settled out of court, for far less than a jury will award. With that said, no amount of money can bring the dead back. I think that the amount was not a fair one due to the fact that those doctors knew what they were doing. I do not agree with the reimbursement and I do not think the amount was fair because the families of the victims had to face a lot of pain.Some of the pain and suffering Immediate expenses associated with the death (medical & funeral), mental anguish to the survivors, Companionship, passing of care and Loss of earnings in the future. Background Tenet Healthcare formerly was named National Medical Enterprises, ranks as the second largest hospital chain in the United States. The organization owns about 114 acute care hospitals and related businesses in 16 states. Boasting wi th over 57, 000 active personnel and over 13, 000 certified hospital beds, Tenet Healthcare Company is a force in the United States healthcare delivery industry.Awarding doctors with financial incentives as payment for their support has been ruled out under the states stark laws however, the marketplace cites this as a necessary form of clinching and maintaining that support. Tenets hospitals stand accused of paying doctors for referring clients to them as a means of keeping their support. Illegal behavior The illegal behavior was its defrauding of its stakeholders who came to seek medical treatment (Wynne, 2008). The doctors admitted excessive numbers of patients being fully certified that their capacity was lower.The doctors were also aware of the poor conditions in the hospitals but still went ahead to admit patients. In what type of court was Tenet Healthcare tried? The Tenet Healthcare scandal trial took place at the Supreme Court of Appeal in St. Louis Indiana, (circuit court ) (Browers, 2012 & The Federal Reporter. , 1997). All the trials including subsequent appeals took place in Court of Appeals, in St. Luis, Indiana United State The case was forwarded to the superior court in San Diego under the presiding attorney, Carol C. Lam where Tenet subsidiaries were indicted, while Nazaryans case was filed in the U.S. District Court (Wynne, 2007). After the case broke out, The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) broke into one of Tenets hospitals in San Diego, the Alvarado Hospital, and charged its administrator of 10 years. The charges were brought against Tenet Healthcare In the original indictment, Tenet Healthcare was aptly accused of fraud that was inclusive of illegally admitting psychiatric patients to the institutes and hiking their charges (inflating the cost of admission and administration of medicine (Wynne, 2007). Provide key details about the trial and provide a timeline of key trial events.After the raiding of the Redding hospital by the FBI a gents in October 2002, it was revealed that Tenet Healthcare Corporation performed inappropriate and unnecessary surgeries on patients and also overbilled patients beyond the standard Medicare rates. As a result, a legal suit was initiated against the Corporations. The trial pitted Federal government of the United States versus Tenet Healthcare Corporations. As alleged by the government, the Corporations admitted patients who did not qualify for admission in rehab facilities.This took place among May 15 2005 and December 31 2007. Besides this inappropriate admission, they were charged with soliciting high Rehabilitation fees. This was the qui tam claim that allowed William Meshel and Man Thai to establish a legal suit against the Corporation on behalf of the Federal government. In May 2006, Tenet went to court to dismiss these claims. Did Tenet Healthcare enter into a plea bargaining agreement? If so, to what charges did he/she plead guilty? If not, what were the final charges? Di d they differ from those in the original indictment?What was the verdict? After the government dismissed the claims of the appellant since they had zero impact on the pre-existing investigations of the government, an agreement bargain was reached with the government but the other suit remained pending. The other settlement between the government and Tenet Healthcare concerned 165 hospitals nationwide. A summary judgment was moved on April 2007, which included the appellant as the original fount of the case. The summary judgment was made in favor of the Federal government.As a result, Tenet accepted to pay the fines of overbilling of Medicare within its facilities after pleading guilty to the charges. What was the censure? Did you feel it was fair? Justify our position. Tenet Corporation was guilty of overbilling, but the appellant who established the suit were unqualified to do so on the terms of qui tam. This was simply because they did not possess self-directed and original kno wledge of Tenets fraudulent activities and practices in Medicare. Consequently, Tenet had undertaken the responsibility of reparations of damages to both the government and its patients.This sentence was not fair. Tenet had more liabilities on top of Medicare overbilling. A large number of its patients died due to unnecessary surgeries and rehabilitations. The appellant, acting in the public interest, had the decent to make their case heard for justice to be done, something which the district court denied and dismissed. Did they differ from those in the original indictment? What was the verdict? They did not differ much from the original indictment in that they were the same issues that were evidenced in the first indictment overbilling and malpractice.The verdict was arrived at after Tenet pleaded guilty of overbilling its Medicare and admitting stable patients into the rehabilitation facilities. Tenet Healthcare Corporation was, therefore, found guilty of overbilling its medical services. It was also found that the qui tam of the two appellants was not tenable due to the fact that they were not the primary source of such information. The information was already in the public domain when they moved to court. Did Tenet Healthcare appeal? If so, on what grounds did he/she base the appeal?Tenet Healthcare corporations did not appeal in this case since it had passed a compromise with the government to pay the fines, an action that was supposed to redeem the image of the health care sector and to serve justice to the victims. Did Tenet Healthcare have mens rea and actus Reus? Justify your position Yes. This is because they had agreed to settle the fine, which is a sign of accepting that their activities were not acceptable and went against the law. They, therefore, accepted the liability of their profit-driven actions.The general basis for imposing liability in criminal law is that the defendant must be proved to have committed a guilty act whilst having had a gu ilty state of read/write head. The physical elements are collectively called the actus Reus and the accompanied mental state is called the mens rea. Moreover, it is the fundamental duty of the prosecution to prove both of these elements of the offense to the satisfaction of the judge or jury beyond reasonable doubt. In the absence of such proof, the defendant will be acquitted.According to Cheeseman (2010) actus Reus is guilty act, which is the actual performance of a criminal act and mens rea is evil intent the possession of the requisite state of mind to commit a prohibited act. What constitutional protections do your subjects have? Equal protection and right to appeal for the accused and plaintiff, by the case brought against either party (Mann, 2008). The Tenet criminal trial encompasses several cases and conspiracies charged against the Tenet Healthcare Corporation. References Brown, G. (2012). The trait & style approach to leadership. Houston Chronicle.Retrievedfrom http//sma llbusiness. chron. com/trait-style-approach-leadership-21103. html Cashen, L. H. (2009). Pressures for the creation of a more independent board of directors inthe post-restructuring period. Academy of Accounting & Financial Studies Journal,1357-72. DATAMONITOR Tenet Healthcare Corporation. (2011). Tenet Healthcare CorporationSWOT Analysis, 1-8. Jackson, R. A. (2009). Keeping your reputation clean. Internal Auditor, 65(3), 38. Jones, D. (2007). Combining Disciplines Making the Connection between Compliance, Risk,and Quality Management. Journal of Health Care Compliance, 5-12.Lievens, F. , Geit, P. , & Coetsier, P. (1997). Identification of transformational leadershipqualities An examination of potential biases. European Journal of Work andOrganizational Psychology, 6(4), 415-430. Reiman, T. , & Oedewald, P. (2002). The assessment of organizational culture Amethodological study. Retrieved fromhttp//www. vtt. fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2002/T2140. pdf Rundle, R. L. (2008). Worst 5-Year fac tor Tenet Healthcare. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http//online. wsj. com/article/SB120371036978986415. html Tenet Agrees to Settle Lawsuits with Cardiac Patients. 2005). hfm (Healthcare FinancialManagement), 59(2), 27. Tenet Healthcare Corporation. (2008). Tenet Healthcare Corporation SWOT Analysis, 1-9. Tenet Healthcare scandal Part of a health care system that kills for profits. (2002). Spark. Retrieved from http//the-spark. net/np692605. html Tenet Health System Medical. (2012). Mission and values. Retrieved fromhttp//www. tenethealth. com/about/pages/missionandvalues. aspx Vrana, D. (2003). Barbakow stop as Tenets CEO. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved fromhttp//articles. latimes. com/2003/may/28/business/fi-tenet28 California Nurse, (2002).Tenet Healthcare the seamy side of a dysfunctional system. California Nurse, 98(8)6-8. Currier, K. A. , & Eimermann, T. E. , (2010). Introduction to paralegal studies a criticalthinking approach. bran-new York Aspen Publishers. Klaidman, S. (2010). Coronary A True Story of Medicine Gone Awry. New York Simon &Schuster publishers. Taylor M. , (2005). Tenet settles Redding case. Modern Healthcare, 21, 35(47)20. The Spark (2002). Tenet Healthcare scandal Part of a health care system that kills forprofits. Retrieved on 12 September 2012 from http//the-spark. net/np692605. html. California Nurse, (2002).Tenet Healthcare the seamy side of a dysfunctional system. California Nurse, 98(8)6-8. Currier, K. A. , & Eimermann, T. E. , (2010). Introduction to paralegal studies a criticalthinking approach. New York Aspen Publishers. Klaidman, S. (2010). Coronary A True Story of Medicine Gone Awry. New York Simon &Schuster publishers. Taylor M. , (2005). Tenet settles Redding case. Modern Healthcare, 21, 35(47)20. The Spark (2002). Tenet Healthcare scandal Part of a health care system that kills for profits. Retrieved on 12 September 2012 from http//the-spark. net/np692605. html.

Anthony Case 1-2 & Anthony Case 2-3 Essay

Anthony Case 1-2 Kim flooded1. In order for Kim Fullers plastic feeding bottle grinding business to get off the ground she leave alone need to manage the business with non-accounting and accounting information. The following information to run the business is non-accounting information, as it is non owned by the company did not occur by means of a monetary exertion 2 grind machine workers, 1 hand truck drive, 1 accountant, and the 2 contracts with bottling companies. The remaining information is categorized as accounting information, as it is owned by the company, may provide future economic resource, and occurred through a transaction 1 used truck, 2 trailers, 1 used grinding machine, 1 new grinding machine, 1 new computer, 1 warehouse, 3 investors deposits, 1 mortgage loan, and the owners initial investment into the company. 2. Below is the beginning balance sheet for Kim Fullers Business. a.)picb.) To address the question of how Fuller should go about putting a value on the companys assets, she must utilize the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) regarding the worth of her assets. specifically through these principles, Fuller will be able to determine the fair value or cost of each asset as a transaction occurred for each purchased item of equipment. Additionally, she will be able to add the value of the Warehouse based on the value at the time of her purchase. Through associating a cost with each, Fuller can easily determine the companys assets. c.) Based on the balance sheet at the onset of the business, the Owners Equity is precious at $165,000.3. Once Fuller begins to make her sales she will need to determine her revenues and expenses, as she will acquire inventory and the sell the goods for monetary value, which generates revenue. In order for Fuller to stay on top of her accounting for these revenues and expenses, which are also known as profits and loss, the business should utilize an income arguing. This will allow the business to determine the net income of the business, which filters in to the balance sheet through the retained earnings underneath owners equity. It is advisable for Fuller to begin with an income statement weeklyuntil she grasps the concept of accounting. Later on she can move it out to bi-weekly updates, and eventually even out to monthly if the revenue stream is slower.Anthony Case 2-3 solitary Pine Caf1. Balance sheet for Loan Pine Caf as of November 2, 2005. pic2. Balance sheet for Loan Pine Caf as of March 30, 2006. pic3. I believe that the partners would not have been able to receive their proportional share of the Owners Equity, as they would forfeit their rights to the business with the theft of assets (cash register and contents). Therefore, the entire Owners Equity to be earned would boil down upon Mrs. Antoine, the lone remaining partner of the business.

Philosophy of Music Education in the Indian Context Essay

These goals must be the first and foremost reason why we teach practice of medicine. To instill an even greater under conducting and love of the domain olibanum enabling our students develop a genuine interest and continue a livelihood long journey thats undertaken in varying degrees and through versatile roles. Phenix (1986) stress on the fact that knowledge of methods makes it possible for a person to continue l pinnulening and undertake inquiries on his own (p. 11).Estelle Jorgenson in her book Transforming medicament Education eloquently describes the need for practice of medicine fostering to be transformed for the very reason that children be able to continue developing their knowledge beyond the classroom. Effective harmony commandment is built of a prepareation that encompasses discussions, goals, materials and strategies, based on a teachers knowledge and experience of practice of medicine and child development, educational guidelines and overarching, and develop ing philosophy of medical specialty education (Fiske, 2012).Before I elucidate my philosophy about practice of medicine, I recognize the need to clarify my stand as a euphony educator who is passionate and determined to elevate the status of unison education within classrooms around India. My Musical Experiences Music has unendingly been a part of me for as long as I thunder mug remember. My earliest memories of music, especi onlyy the performance aspect, goes back to when I was three years elder and sang a solo for a Christmas Concert that was organized by the radio station that my father worked at.I gravel memories of him kneeling on hotshot knee and p pose the guitar for me while I sang subsequently which I was delighted to receive a big present from Santa. Ever since, I apply enjoyed performing, and turn over so mat so comfortable on stage. All along I grew up listening to Christian gospel music and some(prenominal)(prenominal) contemporary arrangements of hymns. Supplementary to that my father provideed me a rich experience of Indian hindustani devotional music. I learned songs by ear and didnt go through what I was missing at this point, imagining what I learned in music to be the only way to absorb and internalize it.Performing was something that I enjoyed doing and it came of course to me, partly beca affair of my early initiation into leading worship at church. My received test of endurance came about when I was introduced to Western Classical Music at the age of 14, through the study of two years of piano. My teacher, like many another(prenominal)s around, displayed an extremely formalistic approach and didnt do much to expand my fellow savor of music beyond what was on the page and how I was supposed to read it.In response to this method I didnt enjoy learning from the pages of notated music books, as much as I did learning by ear, and I continued to develop as a musician who played by ear and improvised at will. Studying opera during undergrad was a trying phase for me because of my inability to connect the dots as easily as I should remove been able to. My aural skills remained excellent and I sometimes relied on that to carry me through certain phases. Hard work and determination became my motto, and I spent hours to agnize and perfect music that was assigned to me, as I wanted to do my very best.Although I had composed songs earlier, without notating them, the study of music theory opened up a whole sore world for me. I could now add variety and richness to my music through the concepts I was learning. Music became a new nomenclature for me I was captivated by the way it lent itself to diverse experiences through different musical roles (something that I wasnt aware of or didnt pay attention to earlier). As a Music Teacher Although I initi entirelyy joined a conservatory to study vocal performance, I found myself deeply drawn towards music education, and during my second semester decided to learn more than about devising meaningful and persuasive trategies to improve the standard of music education in India.This thought emerged from an understanding that I had felt almost cheated for having lost out on so many years of studying music formally, except effectively. I didnt have a choice because structured music informion simply wasnt available at all the aims that I canvas in, or the quality of instruction didnt serve the purpose of educating or informing students like me. What gave the impression of a music class/lesson at school was in originality an enthusiastic way of keeping students occupied for forty minutes in simple singing, with a concert for parents every once a year.We learned songs by rote to perform them, year after year. During those years though, I didnt realize the limitations that this system came with and continued to enjoy the fact that I was in choir and able to sing. This vacuum remains largely visible and unattended to in schools today, although so me music educators in the recent past have taken huge steps towards improving the quality and effectiveness of their instruction in classrooms around India. Their efforts however remain predominantly an enthusiastic endeavor. What is urgently postulate is certainly something much more than sincere teaching.It calls for a transformation of the present system, giving room for every child to receive superior music education that fits into the whole. The need of every student being met in a transformed educational framework that constantly reshapes itself to accommodate new ideas and strategies. After all, as Regelski (2003) justifiedly points out that music (music education) is for everyone and not just for an elite few. The turning point in my decision to finally teach music myself came about when I enrolled my four-year-old lady friend, Tiara, for outside piano lessons.I hoped to give her a head start, with the understanding that she neednt have to face the same challenges in lear ning music, like I had to. However, after a few classes, I realized to my complete dissatisfaction that there was no structure, no thought and imagination, and no clarity in what was being thought to her. Her finger on the piano was all over the place for the two songs that her teacher worked on Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star. And Baa Baa Black Sheep Her teacher (I afterward learned wasnt introduced to classical notation), taught her these songs by writing letters in a book and instructing her to commit it to heart.Lesson after lesson they would follow the same outline with no emphasis on any other musical aspects whatsoever. I decided I wasnt going to take this lying down I had to do all within my capacity to change the face of music education, as the vast majority of people understand it. I began studying about music education as well, to inform and equip myself for the task at hand. Around this period, my voice teacher encouraged me to coach students in voice, and I began shying away from it accept I was under qualified and needed many years of study to begin teaching.However, with a newfound passion and vigor, I accepted to coaching some of his voice students and also began to teach small groups of students on the history of music (because I loved learning about it). Meanwhile, I started training both my late daughters at home constantly developing new ideas and strategies to introduce musical concepts to them. A friend noticed my teaching style and asked if I would teach her daughter too, and thus began my professional journey as a music educator. Four years since then, I find myself accountable for the music instruction I offer to over 250 children across versatile age groups, who are part of my school.The need is so great within schools, and only a few educators are instinctive to take the extra effort of educating themselves and being channels of superior music instruction-catalysts of sorts. I am blessed to have a team of ten teachers who package in my vision and work alongside me in imparting music to the children who are part of our music school, Harmony. My long-term vision is to enhance the music programs in India for the betterment of as many children as possible. Individuals dont realize what theyre missing until theyve been given a taste of it, a glimpse of the bigger picture (much like my case).Through our school performances I aim on providing a window for the change to take place. A transformation that not only affects my students, but others around them as well through their personal interactions with each other and the familiarity as a whole. My Personal Philosophy A field or discipline without philosophical guidance, without critically examined ideals and commitment to their revision in light of the diverse and changing needs of those it seeks to serve, is more akin to an duty han a profession (Bowman & Frega, 2012, p. 23). For my vision to bear fruit and show evidence of becoming something concrete, I realiz e the need to develop my philosophy of music to an boundary that equips me with the requisite tools to be able to initiate the change that I seek after. In the words of Jorgenson (2008), I want to excavate beneath the superficial and real skills to think about the ideas and principles of music teaching, the things that drive and shape.According to Kivy (2002), A practice or discipline or body of knowledge, then, seems to become eligible (If that is the properly word) for philosophy, properly socalled, when it becomes for us a way of life when it cuts so deeply into our natures as human beings that we are impelled to explore and reveal its inmost workings (p. 7). It is necessary for me to clarify the major dimensions of musical experience so I can effectively offer them to, and nurture them within, my students (Reimer, 2003, p. 9), this despite the passion and sentence with which I teach and advocate the need for liberal humanities in schools. I have begun to develop a synergis tic mindset in my philosophy of music education after my reading and researching the literature, coupled with practical experiences over the last few years. Reimer (2003) points out A synergistic mind-set is one open to cooperation as an alternative to contention, to searching for points of agreement or confluence as an alternative to fixating on discord, to recognizing nuances in which seemingly opposed views are capable of some direct of contention (p. 30).I agree with Reimers democratic view that musical meaning is meaning that individuals choose to give to and take from music, based on their life experiences and their musical orientations. He further adds that there is to be no one right way, and calls for an adaptation of a synergistic blend in music teaching. Music must involve decision making through discernment and connections within a particular role (Reimer, 2003, p. 213). Eisner (1987) illuminates the need for a curriculum that exploits the various forms of representat ion and that utilizes all of the senses to help students learn what a period of history feels like(p. 7).Similarly, offering students a basis for understanding music in all contexts involves a thorough exploration of musical meaning within its definitive parameters, along with contemplation or reflection. Introducing students to the music and other art forms of various cultures is a wonderful way to broaden their understanding of the meaning of music. A student does not need to lose his own musical identity in vagabond to study other music. On the contrary, in learning about other music, a students life is enriched.Reimer states, In the spirit of adding to the self kind of than substituting other selves for ones self, the study of the music of foreign cultures enriches the souls of all who are engaged in it (p. 191). Music and Meaning As advocates of music, music educators are often expected to express the meaning of music through words, yet words are incapable of truly describing the beauty and emotion felt through experience. The concern is not to arrive at a definition and to close the book, but to arrive at an experience (Ciardi, 1975, p. ). Ciardi states that there still lingers touch sensation that a dictionary definition is a satisfactory description of an idea or of an experience (p. 1). Words may attempt to describe music, yet true meaning must be derived from the actual music experience Reimer (2003) discusses the difference between meanings drawn from words or language and the meanings found through music. He writes, Language is created and shared through the processes of conceptualization and communication.Music is created and shared through the process of artistic/aesthetic perceptual structuring, yielding meanings language cannot represent (p. 133). The real power of music lies in the fact that it can be true to the life of aroma in a way that language cannot (Langer, 1942, p. 197). Phenix (1986) highlights the need to face for aesthetic mea ning in music concluding that there has to be a delicate balance between descriptive proposition that serves the purpose of laying out a historical background and allowing for freedom to gain perceptual features.Though music may evoke emotions in my students as they compose or serve as an outlet for their feelings when they perform, the ultimate significance of music lies in its ability to symbolize/portray deeply felt emotions. In the pages of his article, How Does a verse Mean, John Ciardi (1975) shares with the reader his view that language is not capable of completely conveying the meaning that is discovered through experience. Living through the poetry is more powerful than attempting to interpret it. I believe that language does, however, serve a purpose of enhancing and is required when teaching for musical meaning.Words such as diction, metaphor, rhythm, and respond rhythm describe elements that lead to the understanding of form. Once a student can identify changes in the form through performance, he will have identified the poem in action (p. 95). He will no longer ask what the poem convey but will see how it means (p. 95). Ciardi suggests questions such as, Why does it build itself into a form out of images, ideas, rhythms? How do these elements become the meaning? and How are they inseparable from the meaning? (p. 100). These questions are helpful in leading a student to the ultimate meaningful experience.Likewise, music students may use their knowledge of musical elements, such as rhythm and dynamics, to see how a piece of music means. Reimer (2003) says language has the essential function of disclosing and explaining the music. Music elements are inseparable from the performance of the music as they help to explain the musical experience. On their own, however, words and definitions remain dull and lifeless. I believe students should be immersed in the experience, while in a chorus, performing their instruments and listening to those around t hem.Meaning can be discovered through active participation in music and through the emotion and beauty the music portrays, for Music means whatever a person experiences when involved with music (Reimer, 2003, p. 133). Ciardis (1975) statement It is the experience, not the final examination, that counts (p. 3) is particularly striking. The Indian society places high emphasis on examinations in music as with other subjects, very often overlooking the need for students to value their experience through the process of learning.I sometimes feel pressured by the community to meet high concert performance expectations and good examination results. Although I recognize that performance and the International music exams is a wonderful probability in which students can share their music with the community, or understand their level of competency, the true reflection of meaning in the music should be experienced in periodic music making within my classroom. I do my best not to focus on the e xamination repertoire alone but to include other music as well giving them a chance to draw out meanings and experience the music.Ciardi (1975) describes a poem as a dynamic and animation thing (p. 10). He continues stating, One experiences it as one experiences life. One is never done with it every time he looks he sees something new, and it changes even as he watches (p. 10). Similarly, music is capable of revealing something new each time it is experienced. The meanings my students derive from an initial listening of a piece of music may be immensely different than the meanings understood months or years later. The meaning of music constantly changes with personal life experiences and new perspectives.Reimer claims, Music education exists to nurture peoples potential to gain deeper, broader, more significant musical meanings (p. 133). I believe my students should derive their own meanings from the musical experience and without my influence. By explaining meanings to them, I fac e the worry of casting into oblivion the celebration of their own unique experience with the music, much the same way a language teacher might, in more shipway than one, take away from the experience of a students feelingful experience of poetry as she explains the meaning in the verses of the poem.Instead of teaching what music means, I will instruct students on how music means, enabling them to derive meaning from experiences that occur beyond the classroom, and within their own roles. Feeling through Music Music does for feeling what language does for thought (Bowman, 1998, p. 200). As a musician, I understand the power of music to evoke feelings. Listening to or performing a great work of music in a concert hall may bring tears or chills to the musician in a way that only music is capable.Similarly, students stirred up lives may be heightened by experiences in the classroom. According to Reimer (2003), the emotional dimension of music-its power to make us feel, and to know th rough feeling-is probably its most central defining characteristic (p. 72). In Western history, emotion has often been regarded less valuable than intellect (Reimer, 2003). Some people do not consider the arts to be as important as other core subjects such as math and reading in education due to the belief that arts are based on emotions and not reasoning or intellect.Recently, however, scientific scholars have begun to recognize that human intelligence, or cognition, is exhibited in a variety of forms, straightway related to functions of the body, and tied to feeling. Dimensions of the mind, once thought to be separate and unrelated, are now known to work together, contributing to the things we know and experience. Anthony Damasio, a research neurologist, believes feeling is likely to be the key factor in human consciousness itself and an essential ingredient in human cognition (Reimer, 2003, p. 76). The capacity to feel pervades and directs all we undergo as living, aware creatu res (p. 8).Direct experiences of feeling are embodied in music and made available to the bodied experience of those engaged with it (p. 80). The use of descriptive and symbolic language in the classroom, in the teaching of a varied repertoire of expressive music, aids in drawing out these responses of feeling from students. Including music that is heavy and loud or delicate and light will bring out an array of feelings. I believe students should be given an opportunity to articulate these feelings through journaling and in-class discussion.